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Organizational Culture and Environment：The Constraints

　　1、Omnipotent view of management：管理萬(wàn)能論：

　　The view that managers are directly responsible for an organization‘s success or failure.

　　管理者對(duì)組織的成敗負(fù)有直接責(zé)任。

　　2、Symbolic view of management ：管理象征論：

　　The view that managers have only a limited effect on substantive organizational outcomes because of the large number of factors outside their control.

　　管理者影響結(jié)果的能力受外部因素的制約和約束。

　　3、Organizational culture：組織文化

　　A system of shared meaning within an organization that determines in large degree how employees act.

　　組織成員共有的價(jià)值和體系。這一體系在很大程度上決定了組織成員的行為方式。

　　4、Strong culture ：強(qiáng)文化

　　Organizations in which the key values are intensely held and widely shared.

　　強(qiáng)烈擁有并廣泛共享基本價(jià)值觀(guān)的文化。

　　5、Socialization： 社會(huì)化

　　The process that adapts employees to the organization‘s Culture

　　是指雇員適應(yīng)組織文化所經(jīng)歷的過(guò)程。

　　6、External environment ：外部環(huán)境

　　Outside institutions or forces that potentially affect an organization‘s performance.

　　指能夠?qū)M織績(jī)效造成潛在影響的外部力量和機(jī)構(gòu)。

　　7、Specific environment ：具體環(huán)境

　　The part of the environment that is directly relevant to the achievement of an organization‘s goals.

　　包括那些對(duì)管理者的決策和行動(dòng)產(chǎn)生直接的影響并與實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)直接相關(guān)的要素。

　　8、General environment ：一般環(huán)境

　　Broad external conditions that may affect the organization.

　　包括可能影響組織的廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件;政治/法律條件;社會(huì)文化條件;技術(shù)條件和全球條件。

　　9、Environmental uncertainty：環(huán)境的不確定性

　　The degree of change and complexity in an organization‘s environment.

　　組織環(huán)境的變化程度和復(fù)雜程度。

　　10、Environmental complexity：環(huán)境復(fù)雜性

　　The number of components in an organization‘s environment and the extent of an organization’s knowledge about its environmental components.

　　組織環(huán)境中的要素?cái)?shù)量以及組織所擁有的與這些要素相關(guān)的知識(shí)廣度。

　　11、Stakeholders：利益相關(guān)者

　　Any constituencies in the organization‘s external environment that are affected by an organization’s decisions and actions (and that can influence the organization.)

　　組織外部環(huán)境中受組織決策和行動(dòng)影響的任何相關(guān)者。

　　12、Boundary spanning：跨域管理

　　Interacting in specific ways with various external stakeholders to gather and disseminate important information.

　　采用更具體的方式與各種外部利益相關(guān)者開(kāi)展互動(dòng)合作，以收集和傳播重要的信息。

　　13、Stakeholder partnerships：利益相關(guān)者伙伴關(guān)系

　　Proactive arrangements between an organization and a stakeholder to pursue common goals

　　為追求共同目標(biāo)而在組織和利益相關(guān)者之間達(dá)成的非正式協(xié)議。

　　14、Workplace spirituality： 工作場(chǎng)所的精神境界

　　A recognition of an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community

　　一種對(duì)生命內(nèi)在意義的認(rèn)識(shí)，這種認(rèn)識(shí)培育了團(tuán)體環(huán)境下工作的意義，同時(shí)也受到后者的滋養(yǎng)