GMAT語法精講全面解析02
發(fā)布時間：2012-05-29 共9頁
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3.3指代清晰性：
① 每一個代詞都只能有一個清晰的先行詞
每一個代詞必須清楚指帶唯一的一個指代對象
Researchers claim to have developed new Nano papers incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which they allege give them the strength of cast iron.
從邏輯語意上說：they指代 Researchers ; them 指代 Nano Papers
但是從實際語法上來說 they和them可以同時指代Researchers或者Papers
Researchers claim to have developed new nano papers incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give these materials the strength of cast iron.
?、?按照邏輯意思指代
For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly there-quarters only a decade ago.
A. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago
B. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters a decade ago
B 正確;A的話就近指代California; 但是amounting這里指的是non-Hispanic white
③ 代詞一般指代離其最近的名詞，但不能過于近了
EG: In the station house，it is considered taboo it不能指代station house
3.4指代簡潔性
?、?指代是否有必要 代詞出現(xiàn)的平行位置(主謂賓)相同，可視為相同指代、
Unlike human runners, who broke the four-minute mile in 1954 and they consistently recorded faster times ever since, horses in classic races such as the Kentucky Derby have had winning times with little improvement: Secretariat’s world-record-breaking Derby tine of 1:59 2/5, for example, was set in 1973 and remained unsurpassed more than a quarter of a century later.
a. they consistently recorded faster times ever since, horses in classic races such as the Kentucky Derby have had winning times with little improvement
b. have consistently recorded faster times ever since, in those of classic races such as the Kentucky Derby, horses have had winning times with little improvement
B 正確;其中A中的they和前面得who對應(yīng) 語義重復(fù);
② which和that只能指代物;who和whom可以指代
?、?it 作為形式主語必須明確的指不定式短語或that從句，且必須簡潔不能冗余
That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it is their fault: Ah/in Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future, did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.
a. It can hardly be said that it is the fault of educators who have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology
b. It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology
B正確; A的話，it is 沒有指代;而且相比較B，A更加??嗦
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3.5指代問題
① THERE 副詞 in that place 前面指代必須是介詞短語
there如果做代詞代指某個地方時，前面一定要提到這個地方
EG At current prices, oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns addressed.
THERE指代In Antarctica
② Itself, themselves, one another, each other,
一般表強調(diào)其指代的名詞;
After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it
After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself.
相互代詞 one another 和 each other用來去暗示之間的相互作用;不能和themselves替換
(W) The guests at the party interacted with themselves.
(R) The guests at the party interacted with one another.
?、?Such and Other/Another
以上三個代詞一般在后面跟一個概括性的名詞指代前面的名詞。
After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in the future
?、?one：指代具有非定義性，且只能指代單數(shù)
指不確定的一個，或者就一個
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one. 巧克力中一個
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat them. 前面的巧克力
⑤ do so和 do it
Do so :可以指代整個的動作，包含謂語動詞，賓語和修飾語
Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brotherdoes so.指代eat dinner quickly(so可省略)
Do it : it 必須指代一個確切的名詞
Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it.指代前面的homework.
Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it.
